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Jumat, 03 Juli 2015

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Biography singkat bahasa inggris tentang penemu

Tjokorda Sukawati the founder of Sosrobahu

Sosrobahu is a road construction technique which allows long stretches of flyovers to be constructed above existing main roads with a minimum of disruption to the traffic. The design involves the construction of the horizontal supports for the highway beside the existing road, which is then lifted and turned 90 degrees angle before being placed on the top of the vertical supports to form the flyover pylons.

This honorable technology was invented by Tjokorda Raka Sukawati (May 3, 1931 – November 11, 2014), he was born and in Ubud, Bali. Tjokorda got his engineer degree from Institut Teknologi Bandung in 1962 in Civil Engineering departement, also got Doctoral degree from Universitas Gajah Mada Yogyakarta  in 1996. The technology was a respond for challenge in Jakarta In 1980s. There was a plan to made flyover between Cawang and Tanjung Priok (1987) by PT Hutama Karya.

The inspiration came when Tjokorda was working on his 1974 Mercedes-Benz, which he had jacked up so that the back two wheels were supported on the slippery floor of the garage where some oil had been accidentally spilled. When the car was pushed, it pivoted with the jack as the axis. He noted that it is a principle of physics that when friction is banished it is easy to move even the heaviest of objects.
This event inspired the realization that a hydraulic pump could be used to lift heavy objects and, as long as they were supported by something slippery, the heavy objects could be easily moved. Tjokorda's goal was to lift and move concrete pier heads each weighing 480 tonnes.

Tjokorda conducted trials with cylinders 20 cm in diameter converted into a hydraulic lift and loaded with 80 tones of concrete. The weight was successfully lifted and turned slightly, but could not then be lowered as the position of the hydraulic jack had shifted. Tjokorda then made some improvements on the original design, and in subsequent lifts the hydraulic jack stayed stable even with the full weight of the concrete above it.

After the trials, Tjokorda finalised his design called the LBPH (the Indonesian acronym for Free Moving Platform) which consisted of a two concrete discs with a diameter of 80 cm enclosed in a container. Although only 5 cm thick, the discs are capable of supporting a weight of 625 tonnes each. In November 1989, President Soeharto of Indonesia gave the name Sosrobahu to the new technology. The name was taken from a character in the Mahabharata, and derives from Old Javanese for thousand (sosro) shoulders (bahu).

Tjokorda's invention was used by US engineers in the construction of a bridge in Seattle. They placed the oil under a pressure of 78 kg/cm² (7.6 MPa) as per Tjokorda's original theories. Tjokorda himself wanted to investigate further the limits of his invention and built himself a laboratory where he successfully tested the LPBH to a limit of 78.05 kgf/cm² (7.654 MPa).

Patents have been granted for the invention from Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, and the Philippines, and has been applied for in South Korea. The Indonesian patent was granted in 1995, while the Japanese patient was granted in 1992. The technology has been exported to the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand and Singapore. The longest stretch of overpass built using this technique is in Metro Manila, Philippines at the Villamor/Bicutan link located at the southern part of the metropolis. In the Philippines, 298 supports have been erected, while in Kuala Lumpur, the figure is 135. When the technology was introduced to the Philippines, the President of the Philippines, Fidel Ramos commented: "This is an Indonesian invention, but is also an ASEAN invention".

Terjemahan :

Tjokorda Sukawati Sang Penemu Sosrobahu

Sosrobahu adalah teknik kontruksi jalan yang memudahkan pembangunan jalan layang tanpa mengganggu arus lalu lintas pada saat pembangunannya. Desain tersebut meliputi dukungan horisontal kontruksi untuk jalan raya di sebelah jalan yang sudah ada, yang mana diangkat dan diputar 90 derajat sebelum ditempatkan di atas dukungan vertikal untuk membentuk pancang jalan layang.

Teknologi ini ditemukan oleh Tjokorda Raka Sukawati (3 Mei 1931 – 11 November 2014), beliau lahir dan meninggal di Ubud, Bali. Tjokorda meraih gelar Insinyur bidang Teknik Sipil di Institut Teknologi Bandung 1962, dan memperoleh gelar Doktor dari Universitas Gajah Mada Yogyakarta pada tahun 1996. Teknologi dibuat sebagai bentuk jawaban atas tantangan pembangunan Jakarta pada era 1980an. Pada waktu itu ada sebuah rencana untuk membangun jalan layang antara Cawang dan Tanjung Priok (1987) oleh PT. Hutama Karya.

Inspirasi tersebut muncul Ketika Tjokorda memperbaiki kendaraannya, hidung mobil Mercedes buatan 1974-nya diangkat dengan dongkrak sehingga dua roda belakang bertumpu di lantai yang licin karena ceceran tumpahan oli secara tidak sengaja. Begitu mobil itu tersentuh, badan mobil berputar dengan sumbu batang dongkrak. Satu hal yang ia catat, dalam ilmu fisika dengan meniadakan gaya geseknya, benda seberat apa pun akan mudah digeser. Kejadian tadi memberikan inspirasi bahwa pompa hidraulik bisa dipakai untuk mengangkat benda berat dan bila bertumpu pada permukaan yang licin, benda tersebut mudah digeser. Bayangan Tjokorda adalah menggeser lengan beton seberat 480 ton itu.

Kemudian Tjokorda membuat percobaan dengan membuat silinder bergaris tengah 20 cm yang dibuat sebagai dongkrak hidraulik dan ditindih beban beton seberat 80 ton. Hasilnya bisa diangkat dan dapat berputar sedikit tetapi tidak bisa turun ketika dilepas. Ternyata dongkrak tersebut miring posisinya. Tjokorda kemudian menyempurnakannya. Posisinya ditentukan persis di titik berat lengan beton di atasnya.

Setelah percobaan itu, Tjokorda menyelesaikan desainnya dengan nama LPBH (Landasan Putar Bebas Hambatan) yang terdiri atas cakram betom berdiameter 80 cm terbungkus dalam kontainer. Meskipun tebalnya hanya 5 cm, cakram tersebut mampu mendukung beban hingga 625 ton. Pada November 1989, Presiden Soeharto memberi nama Sosrobahu pada teknologi tersebut. Nama itu diambil dari karakter Mahabrata , yang memiliki arti dalam bahasa jawa yaitu seribu (sosro) dan bahu.

Penemuan Tjokorda pernah digunakan oleh insinyur Amerika untuk membangun jembatan di Seattle. Insinyur Amerika menempatkan oli dalam tekanan 78 kg/cm² (7.6 MPa) seperti pada teori asli Tjokorda. Tjokorda sendiri ingin meneliti lebih jauh lagi batas penemuannya dan membuat laboratorim sendiri dan berhasil menguji LPBH hingga nilai batas 78.05 kgf/cm² (7.654 MPa).

Hak paten diberikan untuk penemuan dari Pemerintah Indonesia, Jepang, Malaysia, dan Filipina, dan telah diaplikasikan di Korea Selatan. Hak paten dari Pemerintah Indonesia diberikan pada tahun 1995, sementara Jepang pada tahun 1992. Teknologi Sosrobahu telah diekspor hingga ke Filipina, Malaysia, Thailand, dan Singapura. Jalan layang terpanjang dibangun menggunakan teknik ini di Metro Manila, Filipina tepatnya di ruas Villamor-Bicutan sebelah selatan ibu kota. Di Filipina sendiri, 289 tiang jalan telah ditegakkan, sementara di Kuala Lumpur baru 135 buah. Ketika Sosrobahu diperkenalkan di Filipina, Fidel Ramos (presiden Filipina pada masa itu) mengatakan : “Inilah temuan Indonesia, sekaligus buah ciptaan putra ASEAN”.

Ar.d